(In such cases, the operating system will issue the Serial ATA TRIM command or the SCSI UNMAP command to let the drive know to no longer maintain the deleted data.) Instead, they simply remove the file's entry from the file system directory because this requires less work and is therefore faster, and the contents of the file-the actual data-remain on the storage medium. Similarly, many software products automatically create backup copies of files that are being edited, to allow the user to restore the original version, or to recover from a possible crash ( autosave feature).Įven when an explicit deleted file retention facility is not provided or when the user does not use it, operating systems do not actually remove the contents of a file when it is deleted unless they are aware that explicit erasure commands are required, like on a solid-state drive. the “trash”), making it easy for the user to undo a mistake. Instead, the file is moved to a holding area (i.e. Many operating systems, file managers, and other software provide a facility where a file is not immediately deleted when the user requests that action. Several standards exist for the secure removal of data and the elimination of data remanence. Specific methods include overwriting, degaussing, encryption, and media destruction.Įffective application of countermeasures can be complicated by several factors, including media that are inaccessible, media that cannot effectively be erased, advanced storage systems that maintain histories of data throughout the data's life cycle, and persistence of data in memory that is typically considered volatile. These techniques are classified as clearing, purging/sanitizing, or destruction. Various techniques have been developed to counter data remanence. Data remanence may make inadvertent disclosure of sensitive information possible should the storage media be released into an uncontrolled environment ( e.g., thrown in the bin (trash) or lost). This residue may result from data being left intact by a nominal file deletion operation, by reformatting of storage media that does not remove data previously written to the media, or through physical properties of the storage media that allow previously written data to be recovered. Data remanence is the residual representation of digital data that remains even after attempts have been made to remove or erase the data.
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